Ludwig I | |
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King of Bavaria | |
Portrait by Joseph Stieler, 1825 | |
Reign | 13 October 1825 – 20 March 1847 |
Predecessor | Maximilian I |
Successor | Maximilian II |
Spouse | Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen |
Issue | |
Maximilian II of Bavaria Mathilde Caroline, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Otto, King of Greece Princess Theodelinde of Bavaria Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria Archduchess Adelgunde of Austria-Este Archduchess Hildegard of Austria Princess Alexandra of Bavaria Prince Adalbert of Bavaria |
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House | House of Wittelsbach |
Father | Maximilian I |
Mother | Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt |
Born | 25 August 1786 Strasbourg, Holy Roman Empire |
Died | 29 February 1868 Nice |
(aged 81)
Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I; 25 August 1786 – 29 February 1868) was a German king of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.
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Born in Strasbourg, he was the son of Count Palatine Maximilian Joseph of Zweibrücken by his first wife Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt. At the time of his birth, his father was an officer in the French army stationed at Strasbourg. He was the godson and namesake of Louis XVI of France. On 1 April 1795 his father succeeded Ludwig's uncle, Charles II, as duke of Zweibrücken, and on 16 February 1799 became Elector of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Arch-Steward of the Empire, and Duke of Berg on the extinction of the Sulzbach line with the death of the elector Charles Theodore. His father assumed the title of King of Bavaria on 1 January 1806.
Starting in 1803 Ludwig studied in Landshut where he was taught by Johann Michael Sailer and in Göttingen. In October 1810, he married Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1792–1854), the daughter of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The wedding was the occasion of the first ever Oktoberfest.
Ludwig strongly rejected the alliance of his father with Napoleon I of France but in spite of his anti-French politics the crown prince had to join the emperor's wars with allied Bavarian troops in 1806. As commander of the 1st Bavarian Division in VII Corps, he served under Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre in 1809.[1] He led his division in action at the Battle of Abensberg on 20 April.[2] In 1817 Ludwig was involved in the fall of Prime Minister Count Max Josef von Montgelas. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1825.
Ludwig's rule was strongly affected by his enthusiasm for the arts and women and by his overreaching royal assertiveness.
An enthusiast for the German Middle Ages, Ludwig ordered the re-erection of several monasteries in Bavaria which had been closed during the German Mediatisation. He reorganized the administrative regions of Bavaria in 1837 and re-introduced the old names Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Upper Palatinate and Palatinate. He changed his royal titles to Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and Count Palatine of the Rhine. His successors kept these titles.
Ludwig's plan to reunite the eastern part of the Palatinate with Bavaria could not be realized. The Electoral Palatinate, a former dominion of the Wittelsbach, had been split up in 1815, the eastern bank of the Rhine with Mannheim and Heidelberg was given to Baden, only the western bank was granted to Bavaria. Here Ludwig founded the city of Ludwigshafen as a Bavarian rival to Mannheim.
Ludwig also encouraged Bavaria's industrialization. He initiated the Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube. In 1835 the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg. Bavaria joined the Zollverein in 1834.
As a philhellene Ludwig supported the Greek fight of independence: His second son Otto was elected king of Greece in 1832. Otto's government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials.
After the July Revolution in France 1830, his previous liberal policy became more and more repressive. The Hambacher Fest in 1832 showed the discontent of the population with high taxes and censorship.
In 1837, the Roman Catholic supported clerical movement, the Ultramontanes, came to power in the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of change to the constitution, which removed civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing censorship and forbidding the free discussion of internal politics. This regime was short-lived due to the demands by the Ultramontanes for the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish-born mistress Eliza Gilbert (better known by her stage name Lola Montez). Ludwig resented this move and the Ultramontanes were pushed out.
In 1844 Ludwig was confronted with the Beer riots in Bavaria.
During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by the students and the middle classes. The Cabinet turned against him. Not willing to rule as a constitutional monarch, Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian.
He died at Nice, and was buried in St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich.
As admirer of ancient Greece and the Italian renaissance Ludwig patronized the arts as principal of many neoclassical buildings, especially in Munich, and as fanatic collector. Among others he had built were the Walhalla temple, the Befreiungshalle, the Ludwigstrasse, the Bavaria statue, the Glyptothek, the Old and the New Pinakothek. His architects Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner also strongly influenced the cityscape of modern Athens. The king collected Greek and Roman sculptures, Early German and Early Dutch paintings, masterpieces of the Italian renaissance, and contemporary art for his museums and galleries. He placed special emphasis on collecting Greek and Roman sculpture. One of his most famous conceptions is the celebrated "Schönheitengalerie" (Gallery of Beauties), in the south pavilion of his Nymphenburg Palace in Munich. A collection of 36 portraits of the beautiful women painted between 1827 and 1850 mostly by Joseph Karl Stieler.
After his abdication, Ludwig remained an important and lavish sponsor for the arts. This caused several conflicts with his son and successor Maximilian. Finally Ludwig financed his projects from his own resources.
He moved the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität from Landshut to Munich in 1826.
Because of King Ludwig's passion for everything Hellenic, the German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern", while the language spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch"—note the I versus the "Hellenic" Y.
Ludwig was an eccentric and notoriously bad poet. He would write about anything, no matter how trivial, with strings of rhyming couplets. For this the king was teased by Heinrich Heine who wrote several mockery poems in Ludwig's style. Ironically Ludwig's Walhalla temple added Heine's bust to its collection in 2009.
In private life Ludwig was, in spite of his royal assertiveness, modest and companionable and was even known for his often shabby attire. Ludwig was hard of hearing and had a birthmark on his forehead which was often concealed in portraits.
Ludwig had several extramarital affairs and was one of the lovers of Lady Jane Digby, an aristocratic English adventuress. Ludwig also became tainted with scandals associated with Lola Montez, another of his mistresses. It seems likely that his relationship with her contributed greatly to the fall from grace of the previously popular king.
Issue by Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen ( 8 July 1792 – 26 October 1854; married on 12 October 1810 in Theresienwiese, Munich)
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
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Maximilian Joseph | 28 November 1811 | 10 March 1864 | succeeded as King of Bavaria married, 1842, Princess Marie of Prussia; had issue |
Mathilde Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine Charlotte | 30 August 1813 | 25 August 1862 | married, 1833, Ludwig III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; no issue |
Otto Friedrich Ludwig | 1 June 1815 | 26 July 1867 | become the 1st King of Greece married, 1836, Duchess Amalia of Oldenburg; no issue |
Theodolinde Charlotte Luise | 7 October 1816 | 12 April 1817 | died in infancy |
Luitpold Karl Joseph Wilhelm Ludwig | 21 March 1821 | 12 December 1912 | Regent of Bavaria married, 1844, Archduchess Augusta of Austria-Tuscany; had issue |
Adelgunde Auguste Charlotte Caroline Elisabeth Amalie Marie Sophie Luise | 19 March 1823 | 28 January 1914 | married, 1843, Francis V, Duke of Modena; had issue |
Hildegard Luise Charlotte Theresia Friederike | 10 June 1825 | 2 April 1864 | married, 1844, Archduke Albert of Austria, Duke of Teschen; had issue |
Alexandra Amelie | 26 August 1826 | 21 September 1875 | never married; no issue |
Adalbert Wilhelm Georg Ludwig | 19 July 1828 | 21 September 1875 | married, 1856, Infanta Amalia of Spain; had issue |
Ludwig I of Bavaria
Born: 25 August, 1786 Died: 29 February, 1868 |
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Regnal titles | ||
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Preceded by Maximilian I Joseph |
King of Bavaria 1825–1848 |
Succeeded by Maximilian II |
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